Causa rara de dolor abdominal recurrente; coexistencia del síndrome de Wilkie y el síndrome del cascanueces / A rare cause of recurrent abdominal pain; the coexistence of Wilkie's syndrome and nutcracker syndrome

El síndrome del cascanueces es un síndrome que presenta síntomas clínicos como hematuria, proteinuria ortostática, congestión pélvica, varicocele del lado izquierdo, hipertensión y dolor en fosa renal. Estos síntomas se producen por la compresión de la vena renal izquierda entre la aorta y la arteria mesentérica superior. En el síndrome de Wilkie, la tercera porción del duodeno está comprimida entre la arteria mesentérica superior y la aorta abdominal, lo que provoca diversos síntomas gastrointestinales. La coexistencia de estos dos síndromes constituye una afección rara y se incluye como casos clínicos en la bibliografía. En este artículo, se presentan los resultados clínicos y radiológicos de un paciente de 17 años que presentaba dolor abdominal recurrente debido al síndrome de Wilkie, acompañado del síndrome del cascanueces que le provocaba proteinuria, por lo que el paciente fue derivado a los consultorios externos de reumatología pediátrica con un diagnóstico preliminar de fiebre mediterránea familiar.

Nutcracker syndrome is a syndrome that has clinical symptoms such as hematuria, orthostatic proteinuria, pelvic congestion, left-sided varicocele, hypertension, and flank pain. These symptoms occur because of the compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. In Wilkie's syndrome, the third part of the duodenum is compressed between the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta, causing various gastrointestinal symptoms. The coexistence of these two syndromes is a rare condition and is included as case reports in the literature. This article presents the clinical and radiological results of a 17-year-old male patient who had recurrent abdominal pain due to Wilkie's syndrome, which was accompanied by nutcracker syndrome that caused proteinuria, and for this reason, the patient was referred to the Pediatric Rheumatology outpatient clinic with a preliminary diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever.

Advances in the classification and treatment of isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection / 中华外科杂志

Isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection (ISMAD) has attracted more and more clinicians' attention in recent years. Patients onset of ISMAD often present with abdominal pain. The misdiagnosis or miss diagnosis is common because of the non-specific symptoms and signs, which even can endanger lives in serious cases. Imaging classification is of great significance for diagnosis and treatment of ISMAD. The Sakamoto classification and the Yun classification are two classical classified methods. However, with the further study of ISMAD, various new classifications emerge. Conservative treatment was once considered as the preferred. As the rapid development of endovascular therapy and the great progress of new devices, stenting therapy can significantly improve symptoms and achieve satisfactory long-term effects, and be even expected to become the preferred method for clinical therapy of ISMAD. However, the long-term effects of endovascular therapy still need a large number of follow-up data, and complications after stent implantation can't be ignored.

Síndrome de Wilkie / Managment of a Patient with a Diagnosis of Wilkie Syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome de Wilkie es una causa infrecuente de obstrucción intestinal alta, debido a una compresión del duodeno entre la aorta abdominal y la arteria mesentérica superior, de diagnóstico preoperatorio difícil. El estudio baritado y la arteriografía son las pruebas diagnósticas por excelencia. Se ha invocado un manejo conservador en individuos con poco tiempo de evolución. Sin embargo, aquellos con enfermedad crónica habitualmente requieren corrección por medio de la intervención quirúrgica. Objetivo: Exponer el tratamiento de un paciente con diagnóstico de síndrome de Wilkie. Caso clínico: Masculino de 57 años con síndrome emético y pérdida ponderal más de 3 meses de evolución. La gastroduodenoscopia mostró dilatación de la segunda porción duodenal por probable comprensión extrínseca y la serie contrastada reveló stop a nivel de la unión duodenoyeyunal. Se realizó una duodenoyeyunostomía latero-lateral transmesocólica, sin drenaje de vecindad con evolución favorable. Conclusiones: Un alto índice de sospecha se requiere para un diagnóstico acertado de esta entidad. La duodenoyeyunostomía es el proceder quirúrgico que ofrece mejores resultados(AU)

Introduction: Wilkie syndrome is a rare cause for upper intestinal obstruction, due to a compression of the duodenum between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, of difficult preoperative diagnosis. Barium study and arteriography are the gold-standard diagnostics. Conservative management has been preferred in individuals with short time of evolution. However, those with chronic disease usually require correction by surgical intervention. Objective: To present the management of a patient diagnosed with Wilkie syndrome. Case report: A 57-year-old male patient with emetic syndrome and weight loss of more than three months of evolution. Gastroduodenoscopy showed dilatation of the second duodenal portion due to probable extrinsic compression, while the contrast series revealed stop at the duodenojejunal junction. A transmesocolic latero-lateral duodenojejunostomy was performed, without neighboring drainage and with favorable evolution. Conclusions: A high index of suspicion is required for an accurate diagnosis of this entity. Duodenojejunostomy is the surgical procedure that offers the best outcomes(AU)

Gastrointestinal reconstruction by intestinal auto-transplantation after radical resection of neoplasms involving superior mesenteric artery: a preliminary consideration / 中华外科杂志

When abdominal neoplasms originating from the pancreas or nearby organs locally involving the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), complete resection is still the only hope for cure. However, SMA resection and reconstruction is a complex surgical procedure associated with high postoperative morbidity and mortality. Intestinal autotransplantation has recently emerged in clinical practice as a treatment option for selected patients with neoplasms involving the SMA. The original procedure involved en bloc removal of a tumor together with the intestine, ex vivo resection and reconstruction of gastrointestinal tract by an intestinal autograft. To further refine this complex procedure, a modified method was developed in which a segmental bowel autograft is selected and harvested first during the initial stage of the operation, and radical resection of the neoplasm is carried out thereafter. The modification would better protect a healthy bowel autograft from potential damage due to prolonged warm ischemia and allow the subsequent lengthy process of dissection to be performed in an unrushed manner. Furthermore, this alteration would better adhere to the general principles of minimal tumor manipulation during operation and potentially decrease the risks of tumor implantation during in vitro organ perfusion. Although intestinal autotransplantation has expanded eligibility for resection of otherwise unresectable lesions involving the SMA, its operative complexity, high risks, and post-operative complications largely limit its clinical applications.

Tratamento combinado na dissecção de artéria mesentérica superior: desafio terapêutico / Combination treatment for superior mesenteric artery dissection: therapeutic challenge

Resumo A dissecção da artéria mesentérica superior é uma causa rara de dor abdominal, com quadro clínico variável. Seu diagnóstico é difícil, e não existe consenso sobre suas opções terapêuticas; elas variam em torno de tratamento conservador, correção aberta, endovascular ou combinada. Descrevemos o caso de um homem de 45 anos com dissecção isolada da artéria mesentérica superior, com quadro de dor abdominal persistente após tentativa de tratamento conservador. Ele foi submetido à revascularização cirúrgica aberta devido à localização e complexidade da dissecção. O tratamento com endarterectomia, arterioplastia com remendo de pericárdio bovino e acesso retrógrado para abertura da mesentérica com stent foi realizado com sucesso. A angina abdominal foi totalmente resolvida após estabilização do quadro. A combinação de abordagem aberta e endovascular deve ser considerada como terapia para casos de dissecção complexa isolada da artéria mesentérica superior.

Abstract Dissection of the superior mesenteric artery is a rare cause of abdominal pain, with a variable clinical picture. It is difficult to diagnose and there is no consensus on treatment options, which range from conservative treatment to open, endovascular, or combination repair. We describe the case of a 45-year-old man with isolated dissection of the superior mesenteric artery and persistent abdominal pain after conservative treatment had been attempted. He underwent open surgical revascularization due to the location and complexity of the dissection. Treatment consisting of endarterectomy, arterioplasty with bovine pericardium patch, and retrograde access to open the mesenteric artery with a stent was successful. Abdominal angina was completely resolved after the condition had stabilized. A combination of open and endovascular approaches should be considered as treatment for cases of isolated complex dissection of the superior mesenteric artery.

Síndrome de Wilkie. Diagnóstico por imágenes / Wilkie syndrome. Imaging diagnosis

RESUMEN El síndrome de Wilkie representa una rara causa de obstrucción intestinal por compresión externa de la tercera porción duodenal por la arteria mesentérica superior. Se presenta una mujer de 68 años que fue a consulta por presentar vómitos biliosos frecuentes, con distensión abdominal, y marcada pérdida de peso. Mediante estudios radiográficos baritados con control fluoroscópico y tomografía axial computarizada con contraste vía oral y endovenosa, se evidenció compresión duodenal extrínseca en la tercera porción; se diagnosticó un síndrome de Wilkie y se instauró un tratamiento conservador, el cual cursó favorablemente. El síndrome de Wilkie, a pesar de su baja incidencia, debe considerarse como diagnóstico diferencial en cuadros de obstrucción intestinal alta.

ABSTRACT Wilkie syndrome represents a rare cause of intestinal obstruction due to external compression of the third duodenal portion by the superior mesenteric artery. We present a 68-year-old woman who came to the consultation for frequent bilious vomiting, abdominal distension and marked weight loss. Extrinsic duodenal compression was evidenced in its third portion by means of barium radiographic studies with fluoroscopic control and computerized axial tomography with oral and intravenous contrast; Wilkie syndrome was diagnosed and conservative treatment was instituted, which progressed favorably. Wilkie syndrome, despite its low incidence, should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of upper intestinal obstruction.

Intestinal malrotation, mesocolic hernia, and Meckel diverticulum - differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in adults: case report and literature review

Intestinal malrotation is a congenital anomaly caused by incomplete rotation or absence of rotation of the primitive intestine along the axis of the upper mesenteric artery during embryonic development. Embryonic development and its anatomical variations were described by Dott in 1923. Intestinal malrotation is a rare condition among adults - prevalent in a mere 0.0001% to 0.19% of the population -, and it may be associated with other anatomical deformities. It can be asymptomatic or manifest with varying intensity, from obstruction to necrosis of intestinal segments. In general, this abnormality is diagnosed in the first year of life; however, symptomsmay appear later in life,making diagnosis in adults difficult on account of non-specific symptoms. In the present study, we report a case of intestinal malrotation associated with chronic non-specific symptoms progressing to mesenteric angina. (AU)

Pseudoaneurisma roto de artéria ileocólica: relato de caso / Ruptured ileocolic artery pseudoaneurysm: case report

Resumo Os aneurismas de artérias viscerais (AAVs) e pseudoaneurismas de artérias viscerais (PAAVs) são condições raras e potencialmente letais quando rotos. Em geral, são encontrados incidentalmente na tomografia computadorizada de pacientes assintomáticos. Embora a cirurgia aberta convencional seja considerada atualmente o tratamento padrão ouro, a abordagem endovascular vem ganhando relevo por ser considerada um procedimento minimamente invasivo e com riscos cirúrgicos menores. Destaca-se, nessa abordagem, o uso de embolização por molas (coils) em AAVs e PAAVs saculares e implante de stent modulador de fluxo como alternativa de tratamento para aneurismas fusiformes. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente de 51 anos com queixa de dor abdominal aguda, taquicardia e hipotensão, com evidência de sangramento abdominal em angiotomografia e diagnóstico de pseudoaneurisma de artéria ileocólica (AIC) roto. Ela foi submetida a tratamento endovascular precoce de embolização da AIC com sucesso, e houve melhora do quadro clínico.

Abstract Visceral artery aneurysms (VAAs) and visceral artery pseudoaneurysms (VAPAs) are rare conditions and are potentially lethal when they rupture. They are usually found as incidental findings on computed tomography (CT) scans of asymptomatic patients. Although conventional open surgery is currently considered the gold standard treatment, the endovascular approach has gained prominence as a minimally invasive procedure with lower surgical risk. In this approach, use of coil embolization in saccular VAAs and VAPAs and implantation of flow-modulating stents constitute alternative treatments for fusiform aneurysms. We present the case of a 51-year-old female patient complaining of acute abdominal pain, tachycardia, and hypotension, with evidence of abdominal bleeding on CT angiography, who was diagnosed with a ruptured ileocolic artery (ICA) pseudoaneurysm. She underwent early endovascular treatment for ICA embolization, which was successful and achieved clinical improvement.

Variations in the configuration of the celiac trunk among South Africans: clinical relevance / Variaciones en la configuración del tronco celíaco en sudafricanos: relevancia clínica

SUMMARY: The celiac trunk is the first major unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta found at the twelfth vertebral level (T12). It gives off branches supplying the spleen, liver and the stomach. However, the branching patterns of the celiac trunk tend to vary by population throughout the world. We sought to investigate the branching patterns of the celiac trunk in a South African Caucasian sample. The celiac trunk was assessed by visual observation in 66 dissected bodies comprised of both males (n= 30) and females (n=36). These samples were obtained at the School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. The celiac trunk arose directly from the abdominal aorta in all cases, with none connected to the superior mesenteric artery. We observed celiac trunk trifurcation in 84.84 % of the sample, although a celiac trunk with four branches was observed in 10.61 %. Bifurcation into the common hepatic and splenic arteries forming a hepatosplenic trunk (2 females) or into the left gastric artery and splenic artery forming a splenogastric trunk (1 male) was also observed. The results are largely comparable with other studies in Caucasians, showing a high rate of celiac trunk trifurcation (above 75 %). Our sample exhibited fewer variations than reported in previous studies worldwide. Therefore, a larger study with more samples may be required in the future to ascertain all the existing celiac trunk branching patterns in the South African Caucasian population.

RESUMEN: El tronco celíaco es la primera rama principal de la parte abdominal de la aorta en el nivel de la duodécima vértebra torácica (T12), con ramas que irrigan el bazo, el hígado y el estómago. Sin embargo a nivel mundial, las ramificaciones del tronco celíaco tienden a variar según la población. En este estudio se investigaron los patrones de ramificación del tronco celíaco en una muestra caucásica sudafricana. El tronco celíaco se analizó mediante observación visual en 66 cuerpos disecados compuestos por hombres (n = 30) y mujeres (n = 36). Estas muestras se obtuvieron en la Facultad de Ciencias Anatómicas de la Universidad de Witwatersrand, Johannesburgo. El tronco celíaco surgió directamente de la parte abdominal de la aorta en todos los casos, sin que ninguno estuviera unido a la arteria mesentérica superior. Se observó trifurcación del tronco celíaco en el 84,84 % de la muestra, aunque en el 10,61 % se observó un tronco celíaco con cuatro ramas. También se observó bifurcación en las arterias hepática y esplénica común formando un tronco hepatoesplénico (2 mujeres) o en la arteria gástrica izquierda y la arteria esplénica formando un tronco esplenogástrico (1 hombre). Los resultados son comparables con otros estudios en caucásicos que muestran una alta tasa de trifurcación del tronco celíaco (mayor al 75%). Nuestra muestra presentó menos variaciones que las reportadas en estudios previos. Por lo tanto, es posible que se requieran estudios más amplios con más muestras en el futuro, para determinar todos los patrones de ramificación del tronco celíaco en la población caucásica sudafricana.

Isquemia mesentérica aguda: a propósito de un caso / Acute mesenteric ischemia: a purpose of a case

La isquemia mesentérica aguda (IMA) es consecuencia de la oclusión de la arteria mesentérica superior (AMS) por trombosis o embolia, y es considerada la más letal del síndrome de abdomen agudo. Se presenta el caso de paciente femenina de 69 años con clínica difusa y confirmación diagnóstica radiológica, El objetivo de este caso clínico es proporcionar una revisión bibliográfica actual del tema y facilitar la adecuada actuación ante este problema de salud de amplio compromiso sistémico, y de aparición no tan infrecuente. (AU)

Acute mesenteric ischemia (IMA) is a consequence of occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (AMS) by thrombosis or embolism; and it is considered the most lethal of acute abdomen syndrome. The case of a 69 years old female patient with diffuse clinic and radiological diagnostic confirmation is presented. The objective of this clinical case is to provide a current bibliographic review of the topic and facilitate adequate action in the face of this health problem with a broad systemic commitment, and with no appearance so infrequent. (AU)

Anatomical variations of the superior mesenteric artery and its clinical and surgical implications in humans / Variações anatômicas da artéria mesentérica superior e suas implicações clínicas e cirúrgicas em humanos

ABSTRACT Introduction: Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) usually arises from the abdominal aorta, just below the celiac trunk and it supplies the midgut-derived embryonic structures. Anatomical variations in this vessel contribute to problems in the formation and/or absorption of this part of the intestine and its absence has been recognized as the cause of congenital duodenojejunal atresia. Objective: To analyze SMA anatomical variations in humans and the possible associated clinical and surgical implications. Methods: This is a systematic review of papers indexed in PubMed, SciELO, Springerlink, Science Direct, Lilacs, and Latindex databases. The search was performed by two independent reviewers between September and December 2018. Original studies involving SMA variations in humans were included. SMA presence/absence, level, place of origin and its terminal branches were considered. Results: At the end of the search, 18 studies were selected, characterized as for the sample, method to evaluate the anatomical structure and main results. The most common type of variation was when SMA originated from the right hepatic artery (6.13%). Two studies (11.11%) evidenced the inferior mesenteric artery originating from the SMA, whereas other two (11.11%) found the SMA sharing the same origin of the celiac trunk. Conclusion: SMA variations are not uncommon findings and their reports evidenced through the scientific literature demonstrate a great role for the development of important clinical conditions, making knowledge about this subject relevant to surgeons and professionals working in this area.

RESUMO Introdução: A artéria mesentérica superior (AMS), normalmente, tem sua origem a partir da aorta abdominal, um pouco abaixo do tronco celíaco e é responsável pela irrigação das estruturas derivadas, embrionariamente, do intestino médio. Variações anatômicas nesse vaso contribui para defeitos na formação e/ou absorção dessa parte do intestino e a sua ausência tem sido reconhecida como a causa da atresia duodenojejunal congênita. Objetivo: Analisar as variações anatômicas dela em humanos e as possíveis implicações clínicas e cirúrgicas associadas. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de artigos indexados nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, Springerlink, Scienc Direct, Lilacs e Latindex. A busca ocorreu por dois revisores independentes entre setembro e dezembro de 2018. Foram incluídos artigos originais envolvendo as variações da AMS em humanos. Considerou-se para este estudo a presença/ausência da AMS, o nível, local de origem e seus ramos terminais. Resultados: Ao final da busca foram selecionados 18 artigos, caracterizados quanto à amostra, método para avaliar a estrutura anatômica e principais resultados. O tipo de variação mais comum foi aquele cuja AMS se originou da artéria hepática direita (6,13%). Dois estudos (11,11%) evidenciaram a artéria mesentérica inferior originando-se a partir da AMS, enquanto outros dois (11,11%) constataram ser ela compartilhada na mesma origem do tronco celíaco. Conclusão: Variações na AMS não são achados incomuns e seus relatos evidenciados através da literatura científica demonstram grande importância para o desenvolvimento de condições clínicas importantes, tornando o conhecimento sobre esse assunto relevante para os cirurgiões e profissionais atuantes nesta área.

Arc of Buhler: A lifesaving anatomic variation. A case report / Arco de Buhler: uma variação anatômica que salva vidas - relato de caso

Abstract The presence of malperfusion syndrome in cases of complicated acute type B aortic dissection is a negative predictive factor and urgent intervention is indicated. Anatomic variations, such as the Arc of Buhler, contribute anastomotic channels and can preserve the visceral blood supply. In this case report, we describe the overall management of a 54-year-old man who presented with a type B aortic dissection. Initially, conservative management was chosen, as indicated for an uncomplicated type B dissection, but the dissection deteriorated. Despite the fact that severe occlusion of the celiac artery was detected on Computed Tomography (CT) angiography, the Arc of Buhler anatomical variation was present, contributing adequate visceral blood supply. After considering this finding, the patient was treated effectively with thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR).

Resumo A presença da síndrome de má perfusão em casos de dissecção aórtica aguda do tipo B complicada é um fator preditor negativo, e uma intervenção urgente é indicada. As variações anatômicas, tais como o arco de Buhler, contribuem como canais anastomóticos e podem preservar o suprimento sanguíneo visceral. Neste relato de caso, descrevemos o manejo geral de um paciente do sexo masculino, de 54 anos, que apresentou uma dissecção aórtica do tipo B. Inicialmente, o manejo conservador foi escolhido, conforme indicado para dissecção do tipo B não complicada, mas a dissecção sofreu deterioração. Apesar de uma oclusão grave da artéria celíaca ter sido detectada na angiotomografia computadorizada, a variação anatômica do arco de Buhler estava presente, contribuindo para o suprimento sanguíneo visceral adequado. Após levar em consideração esse achado, o paciente foi tratado de forma efetiva com reparação endovascular da aorta torácica.

Preliminary result of stents implantation for spontaneous isolated dissection of the superior mesenteric artery: a prospective single-arm study / 浙江大学学报·医学版

To access the efficacy of stents for spontaneous isolated dissection of the superior mesenteric artery (SIDSMA). The study is a prospective single-arm study which has been registered on Clinical Trials (NCT03916965). Clinical data and follow-up information of the SIDSMA patients who received stent implantation in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University during April 1, 2019 and September 30, 2019 were collected. The patients were recommended to be followed up at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. A total of 34 patients were enrolled. Their mean age was (54±8) years. Abdominal pain was the most common symptom. Patients received (2.1±0.6) stents on the average. Post-operation hospital stay was (2.7±1.6) days, and the patients were followed up for (2.3±1.9) months (CT angiography) and (5.5±1.7) months (clinical visit/phone call). There was no recurrence of abdominal pain. The CT angiography showed complete remodeling and incomplete remodeling took place in 23 and 9 patients (69.7% and 27.3%), respectively. Two patients (6.1%) had mild in-stent stenosis. No stent rupture or migration was reported. This study demonstrated a satisfactory short-term result of stents implantation for SIDSMA, which indicated the endovascular treatment could be the first-line therapy for SIDSMA.

Glutamine protects intestine against ischemia-reperfusion injury by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress induced apoptosis in rats

Abstract Purpose Glutamine, as an essential part of enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition agent, has been widely recognized to be a kind of important intestinal mucosa protectant in clinical practice and experimental research. However, the mechanisms of its protective effects are still not fully understand. Consequently, this study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of glutamine on ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in intestine. Methods An experimental model of intestinal I/R in rats was established by 1 hour occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery followed by 3 hours of reperfusion. Morphologic changes of intestinal mucosa, apoptosis of epithelial cells, and expression of intestinal Grp78, Gadd153, Caspase-12, ATF4, PERK phosphorylation (P-PERK) and elF2αphosphorylation(P-elF2α) were determined. Results After I/R, the apoptotic index of intestinal mucosa epithelial cells observably increased with notable necrosis of intestinal mucosa, and the expressions of Grp78, Gadd153, Caspase-12, ATF4, P-PERK and P-elF2αall were increased. However, treatment with glutamine could significantly relieve intestinal I/R injury and apoptosis index. Moreover, glutamine could clearly up-regulate the expression of Grp78, restrain P-PERK and P-elF2α, and reduce ATF4, Gadd153 and Caspase-12 expressions. Conclusion Glutamine may be involved in alleviating ER stress induced intestinal mucosa cells apoptosis.

Artéria hepática direita originada da artéria mesentérica superior: Qual seu real trajeto anatômico? / Right hepatic artery originated from the superior mesenteric artery: What is the standard anatomic position?

RESUMO Objetivos: A irrigação arterial hepática tem como característica a elevada frequência de variações da anatomia. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever o trajeto anatômico da artéria hepática direita quando originada da artéria mesentérica superior. Métodos: Foram analisadas 5147 tomografias computadorizadas com contraste endovenoso de pacientes atendidos no Serviço de Radiologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Passo Fundo - RS, no período outubro de 2016 a dezembro de 2017. Foram selecionados 125 pacientes portadores de variação anatômica da artéria hepática direita na origem. Os achados foram categorizados pela variação do trajeto vascular, emergência da artéria mesentérica superior e a relação com demais estruturas. Resultados: Obtivemos o trajeto mais frequente desta variação como retropancreático (88,8%), retroportal (76,8%) e pós-coledociano (75,2%), emergindo cerca de 2,33 cm da origem da artéria mesentérica superior. Conclusão: Demonstramos que na maioria das vezes, a artéria hepática direita variante, apresenta trajeto posterior ao pâncreas e ao pedículo hepático e emerge próxima da origem da artéria mesentérica superior.

ABSTRACT Objective: Liver arterial irrigation is characterized by a high frequency of variations in its anatomy. The aim of the study was to describe the anatomic position of the right hepatic artery as a brunch of the superior mesenteric artery. Methods: A total of 5147 intravenous contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans of patients seen at the Radiology Service of the Passo Fundo Clinical Hospital (RS), from October 2016 to December 2017, were selected. 125 patients with anatomic variation of the right hepatic artery were selected. The findings were categorized by the variation of the vascular position, emergence from the superior mesenteric artery and the relationship with other structures. Results: The most frequent position was retropancreatic (88.8%), retroportal (76.8%) and post-choledocian (75.2%), emerging about 2.33 cm from the superior mesenteric artery. Conclusion: We have shown that most common variant of the right hepatic artery presents its posterior origin from the pancreatic and hepatic pedicle, and arises close to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.

Embolización de un aneurisma micótico de la arteria mesentérica superior: reporte de un caso / Mycotic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery coil embolization: case report

Resumen Objetivo: Presentar un caso clínico infrecuente, con una resolución novedosa. Caso Clínico: Paciente con aneurisma micótico de la arteria mesentérica superior manejado satisfactoriamente en forma endovascular. Los aneurismas micóticos viscerales son entidades infrecuentes, con alta morbimortalidad. Es por ello que su manejo debe ser multidisciplinario y considerar diferentes factores al momento de tomar decisiones. En el contexto de la continua mejoría y disponibilidad de las técnicas endovasculares, estas han emergido como una opción terapéutica válida, con posiblemente menos complicaciones. Conclusión: La resolución endovascular del aneurisma micótico visceral es factible, pero su indicación y el manejo completo es aún caso a caso.

Objective: to discuss an infrequent vascular case with a novel resolution. Case Report: Superior mesenteric artery mycotic aneurysm successfully managed with coil embolization. A visceral mycotic aneurysm is an infrequent vascular pathology with high risk of complications and mortality. The endovascular management might offer a treatment option with lower morbimortality rates in selected cases. Conclusion: Endovascular resolution of mycotic visceral aneurysms is both feasible and secure but it must be done in a case to case basis.

Tratamento endovascular da síndrome de quebra-nozes: relato de caso / Endovascular treatment of Nutcracker syndrome: case report

A dor pélvica crônica é uma doença debilitante, com impacto na qualidade de vida e custos para os serviços de saúde. A síndrome de quebra-nozes é uma importante causa dessa dor, e se refere a um conjunto de sinais secundários à compressão da veia renal esquerda, mais comumente entre a artéria mesentérica superior e a aorta. Seu tratamento ainda permanece controverso e varia de acordo com a gravidade clínica do paciente. Contudo, a técnica endovascular com implante de stent em veia renal tem obtido excelentes resultados. Relatamos um caso de uma paciente de 59 anos submetida a correção endovascular com stent autoexpansível de nitinol. São apresentados dados clínicos, detalhes do procedimento e resultados do acompanhamento dessa paciente. O sucesso técnico foi obtido e não houve relato de complicações pós-operatórias. Pôde-se observar alívio dos sintomas e melhora nos exames de imagem realizados no acompanhamento de curto prazo

Chronic pelvic pain is a debilitating disease that directly impacts on quality of life and generates costs for health services. Nutcracker Syndrome is an important cause of pelvic pain and consists of a set of signs secondary to compression of the left renal vein, most commonly between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta. Treatment remains controversial and varies depending on the patient's clinical severity. However, endovascular treatment with renal vein stenting has achieved excellent results. We report the case of a 59 year-old female treated by endovascular repair with a self-expanding nitinol stent. Clinical data, details of the procedure, and follow-up results are presented. Technical success was achieved and there patient reported no postoperative complications. Short-term, there was relief from symptoms and follow-up imaging tests showed improvement

The role of ischemic preconditioning in the expression of apoptosis-related genes in a rat model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in the expression of apoptosis-related genes in rat small intestine subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. Methods: Thirty anesthetized rats underwent laparotomy and were drive into five groups: control (CG); ischemia (IG); ischemia and reperfusion (IRG); IPC and ischemia (IG+IPC); IPC and ischemia and reperfusion (I/RG+IPC). Intestinal ischemia was performed by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 60 minutes, whereas reperfusion lasted for 120 minutes. IPC was carried out by one cycle of 5 minutes of ischemia followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion prior to the prolonged 60-minutes-ischemia and 120-minutes-reperfusion. Thereafter, the rats were euthanized and samples of small intestine were processed for histology and gene expression. Results: Histology of myenteric plexus showed a higher presence of neurons presenting pyknotic nuclei and condensed chromatin in the IG and IRG. IG+IPC and I/RG+IPC groups exhibited neurons with preserved volume and nuclei, along with significant up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2l1 and down-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes. Moreover, Bax/Bcl2 ratio was lower in the groups subjected to IPC, indicating a protective effect of IPC against apoptosis. Conclusion: Ischemic preconditioning protect rat small intestine against ischemia/reperfusion injury, reducing morphologic lesions and apoptosis.

Case Report: Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome following Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding

Bariatric surgery is the most effective and durable treatment for morbidly obese patients. However, there are remained unsolved problems with various types of complications. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome is a rarely known condition occurred following bariatric surgery. We experienced 54-year-old female patient diagnosed with superior mesenteric artery syndrome 5 year later after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding. Because symptoms have not improved with conservative care, laparoscopic duodenojejunal bypass was successfully performed for this patient.

Doppler US and CT Diagnosis of Nutcracker Syndrome

Nutcracker syndrome (NCS) is a syndrome caused by compression of the left renal vein (LRV), between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, resulting in hypertension of the LRV and hematuria. Doppler ultrasonography (US) has been commonly used for the diagnosis of NCS. However, several technical issues, such as Doppler angle and sample volume, need to be considered to obtain satisfactory results. In addition, morphologic changes of the LRV and a jetting phenomenon across the aortomesenteric portion of the LRV on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) are diagnostic clues of NCS. With proper Doppler US and CECT, NCS can be diagnosed noninvasively.